Evidence indicates retinol's role in photodamage modeling helps elucidate mechanisms of cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in skin aging pathways
Notably, in most countries PAC is freely sold as an OTC drug, raising the risk of unintentional abuse and increased adverse effects ( No answer can be given to the above open questions because PAC efficacy/adverse effects, unlike most of the drugs repositioned for COVID-19 therapy, have not yet been evaluated in controlled clinical trials or analyzed through retrospective analyses
Safer, evidence-based alternatives include topical treatments (retinoids, vitamin C, niacinamide, hydroquinone under supervision), oral antioxidants, strict sun protection, and lifestyle measures
This does not eliminate muscle loss entirely, nothing can during significant caloric restriction, but it tilts the balance meaningfully